Сравнительно-историческая и сравнительно-правовая характеристика исламского уголовного процесса

Patimat A. Gusenova; Nikolay G. Stoyko

doi:10.21638/spbu28.2020.402

Authors

Patimat A. Gusenova St. Petersburg State University, 7–9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
Nikolay G. Stoyko St. Petersburg State University, 7–9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2020.402

Abstract

In order to analyze and characterize modern forms of the criminal process, it is customary to use comparative legal typologies. Within the framework of the comparative legal approach, the division of the criminal investigative process and controversial types is widespread (‘common’). Each of them is characterized by a certain spectrum of ideal attributes, opposed to each other and “embedded” in a wider typology of legal families. This article raises the question of the existence of a third universal model of the criminal process, which is considered the criminal process of the countries of Islamic rule (Islamic). It is concluded that in its technical structure (at the level of its procedural form), the Islamic criminal process belongs to the investigative type. However, if we consider the Islamic criminal process from the point of view of its procedural content, which has a religious legal explanation, it undoubtedly has the specifics that make it possible to speak of it as an independent ideal type (universal model). This is evidenced by three characteristics: the supremacy of the Koran and the Sunna over legislation and precedent; the priority of ijma (unanimous opinion of Muslim legal scholars) over the law (its procedural and substantive provisions) and judicial decisions (precedent); the administration of justice only by the cadi (judges who, by virtue of religious duty, subordinate to themselves all participants in the criminal process and are responsible for its entire course and outcome).

Keywords:

Islamic criminal process, ijma, Quran, typology, qadi, justice

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

References

Bahnassi A. F. (1982) Criminal responsibility in Islamic law. In the Islamic criminal justice system. London, New York, Oceana Publ.

Boronbekov S. (2003) “The main values of Islam — objects of sharia protection”, in Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 2, pp. 32–39. (In Russian)

Cheltsov-Bebutov M. A. (1995) Course on Criminal Procedure Law: Essays on the History of the Court and Criminal Procedure in the Slave, Feudal and Bourgeois States. St. Petersburg, Ravenna, Alfa Publ. (In Russian)

Damaska M. R. (1975) “Structures of Authority and Comparative Criminal Procedure”, in Yale Law Journal, no. 84, pp. 480–544.

Dammer H. R., Albanese J. S. (2011) Comparative Criminal Justice System. Belmont, Wadsworth Publ.

Esmein A. A. (1913) History of Continental Criminal Procedure with Special Reference to France. Boston, Little, Brown and Company Publ.

Foynitskiy I. Y. (1996) Criminal Justice Course. In 2 vols. Vol. 1. St. Petersburg, Alfa Publ. (In Russian)

Glenn H. P. (2004). Legal traditions of the world: sustainable diversity in law. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Golovko L. V. (ed.) (2016). Criminal Procedure Course. Moscow, Statut Publ. (In Russian)

Gusenova P. A. (2016) “General characteristics of the judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran”, in Vestnik of St. Petersburg University. Law, no. 2, pp. 85–93. (In Russian)

Gusenova P. A. (2016) Islamic criminal procedure: religious and legal origin and specific features (illustrated through the examples of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). PhD Thesis in Law. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg University Press. Available at: https://disser.spbu.ru/files/2016/gusenova_disser.PDF (accessed: 03.08.2020).

Gutsenko K. F., Golovko L. V., Filimonov B. A. (2002) Criminal Proceedings of Western States. Moscow, Zertsalo Publ. (In Russian)

Haleem A. M., Sharif A. O., Daniels K. (2003) Criminal justice in Islam: judicial procedure in the Shari’a. London, I. B. Tauris Publ.

Hallaq W. B. (2009) An introduction to Islamic law. New York, Cambridge University Press.

Kamali M. H. (2003) Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, the Islamic texts society. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Khabrieva T. J. (ed.) (2010) Asian Constitution: in 3 volume. Vol. 1: West Asia. Moscow, Norma Publ. (In Russian)

Kozlikhin I. Yu. (2011) “Muslim law”, in Pravovedenie, no. 3 (296), pp. 231–258. (In Russian)

Kozlikhin I. Yu., Stoyko N. G. (eds). (2018) Islamic criminal law and procedure. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University Press. (In Russian)

Kuliev E. (2012) Quran. Translation of the meanings and Commentary. Moscow, Eksmo Publ. (In Russian)

Lezhe R. (2010) Great Legal Systems of Our Time: a comparative legal approach. Moscow, Volters Kluver Publ. (In Russian)

Lilie H. (2012) “Adversarial and Inquisitorial Criminal Proceedings — the German criminal trial as an intermediate model”, in Preliminary Investigation in the Criminal Process of Central Asian Countries: between the inquisitorial and adversarial model, eds F. K. Shreder, M. Kudratov. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Publ., pp. 117–124. (In Russian)

Lippman M. (1989) “Islamic Criminal Law and Procedure: Religious Fundamentalism v. Modern Law”, in Boston college international and comparative law review, vol. 12, iss. 1, pp. 29–62. Available at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol12/iss1/3 (accessed: 03.08.2020).

Marchenko M. N. (2008) Legal Systems of the Modern World: a tutorial. Moscow, Zerchalo-M Publ. (In Russian)

Mehdi S. (2013) Muslim Law and Politics. Moscow, Kniga po trebovaniiu Publ. (In Russian)

Mesheraykov Yu. V. (1990) Forms of Criminal Proceedings. Leningrad, Leningrad State University Publ. (In Russian)

Polaynskiy N. N. (1956) Questions of the Theory of Soviet Criminal Procedure. Moscow, Moscow State University Press. (In Russian)

Romanov A. K. (2002) Legal System of England. Moscow, Delo Publ. (In Russian)

Shahidullah Sh. M. (2014) Comparative criminal justice systems: Global and local perspectives. North Carolina, Jones & Bartlett Learning Publ.

Shestakova S. D. (2001) Adversarial nature of the criminal process. St. Petersburg, Legal Center Press. (In Russian)

Skakun О. F. (2008) General Comparative Jurisprudence: main types (families) of legal systems of the world. Kiev, InIure Publ. (In Russian)

Sluchevskiy V. (1892) Russian Criminal Procedure Textbook: Legal Proceedings. In 2 vols, vol. 2. St. Petersburg, Tip. Stasiulevicha Publ. (In Russian)

Smirnov A. V. (2001) Adversarial Process. St. Petersburg, Alfa Publ. (In Russian)

Smirnov A. V. (2002) Historical Forms of Criminal Procedure: Tutorial. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University of Econimics Publ. (In Russian)

Stephen J. F. (1863) A general view of the criminal law. London, Macmillan Publ.

Stoyko N. G. (2006) Criminal Process of Western States and Russia. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University Press. (In Russian)

Stoyko N. G., Gusenova P. A. (2014) “Features of the Islamic Criminal Procedure”, in Pravovedenie, no. 2 (313), pp. 203–212. (In Russian)

Strogovich М. S. (1946) Criminal Process. Moscow, Iurid. izd-vo MIu SSSR Publ. (In Russian)

Terril R. J. (2009) World Criminal Justice Systems: a survey. Atlanta, Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., a member of the Lexis Nexis Group New Providence Publ.

Tornau N. (1850) The presentation began Muslim law. St. Petersburg, Printing House of the II Branch of the Own E. I. V. Chancellery. (In Russian)

Tornau N. (1866) Muslim law. Issue 1. On the right of inheritance by law. St. Petersburg, Printing House of the II Branch of the Own E. I. V. Chancellery. (In Russian)

Van den Berg L. V. S. (1882) Basic Principles of Islamic Law according to the teachings of Imam Abu Hanifa and Shafi’i. St. Petersburg, Tipografiia G. Shakht i Ko Publ. (In Russian)

Zander M. (1989) A matter of justice. The legal system in Ferment. New York, New York University Press.